Cancer is one of the leading public health concerns worldwide. In the Philippines, 189 out of 100,000 Filipinos are adversely affected by cancer, with a mortality of 96 Filipinos every day. Influenced by their cultural beliefs, practices, and sociodemographic factors, Filipinos, especially the indigenous peoples, tend to lean more towards alternative and complementary medicine when treating illnesses and diseases such as cancer. Efforts have been made to record plants utilized by these people. However, there is still no existing comprehensive review of anticancer medicinal plants used by the Philippines' indigenous peoples, thus the motivation for this research. This study also aims to record reported compounds responsible for the identified plants' anticancer activity in the light of bioprospecting. Various published and unpublished ethnobotanical studies from three databases and university repositories were screened and subjected to a set of defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. This resulted in a corpus of 227 articles, which was narrowed down to 58 after the intervention, from which 152 anticancer plants were identified. Amongst these, medicinal plants that lack research to prove anticancer efficacy were determined, thus meriting further studies. The study also recorded the alarming percentage of medicinal plants that are yet evaluated per conservation status, urging appraisal amidst the threat of climate crisis. Interestingly, novel compounds for cancer therapeutics have been isolated from some of the plants identified, reiterating the importance of indigenous knowledge in pharmaceutical bioprospecting. The current study allows the description of a large number of anticancer medicinal plants used by the indigenous people of the Philippines with discussions of their anticancer compounds and activity.